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Decent Work and Economic Growth
为子孙后代思考并采取行动
Mar 2023
Working Paper
本政策简报提议采取一些实际步骤,以履行我们的长期承诺,在满足当前需要的同时,保障子孙后代的利益,并维护他们切实享受所有人权的能力。这些措施包括: (a) 设立在全球层面为子孙后代发声的特使; (b) 更好地利用预见、科学和数据; (c) 发表一项界定和具体说明我们对子孙后代的责任的宣言; (d) 设立一个专门的政府间论坛,以推动该宣言的落实工作并分享最佳做法。 这些提议是在《我们的共同议程》以及随后的政府间和多利益攸关方协商基础上提出的。协商成果反映在斐济和荷兰常驻联合国代表团编写的“子孙后代问题宣言要点文件”1当中。简报回应了会员国在协商期间提出的问题,包括如何定义子孙后代,如何平衡我们对子孙后代的承诺与我们对当代人的责任,各项提议如何推进我们在可持续发展、性别平等和人权方面的现有目标,以及建议未来峰会就此问题取得哪些成果。 这些提议依据一个简单的逻辑。我们为子孙后代所做的,也是我们需要为自己所做的,那就是要比现在更加认真地对待未来的挑战和机遇。我们知道,我们能够采取有远见的集体行动,恢复臭氧层的成功努力就是明证。另一方面,如果我们当初采取了更认真的行动,限制全球气温上升或投资于大流行病防范,我们今天本将更接近于实现可持续发展目标。满足当前的需要和考虑未来的需要这两者之间,并不存在取舍。相反, 如果不从长远角度考虑,解决当前的问题就无从谈起。2有意识地努力谋未来之计,将使所有世代获益。
Public Payment Systems in the Digital Era: Responding to the Financial Stability and Security-related Risks of Cryptocurrencies
Jun 2022
Working Paper
The digital era is leading to many changes in the payment system landscape some of which threaten monetary stability and security in developing countries. To ensure that payment systems function as a public good monetary authorities should carefully consider the implementation of a central bank digital currency. Depending on national capabilities and needs and the challenges of creating such a currency authorities could alternatively create a fast retail payment system. Moreover given the risk of accentuating the digital divide in developing countries authorities should maintain the issuance and distribution of cash.
Industrial Hemp: An Old Crop in a Modern Era
Jun 2023
Working Paper
Climate change and its impacts on the daily lives of billions of people require innovative actions. One potential component of such initiatives could be to advocate for and foster an industrial hemp sector for exploitation and valorization based on a “whole plant” approach that uses all parts of the plant. Such exploitation could be achieved in most regions of the world and the whole plant approach would help promote the establishment of various production chains. As discussed in this policy brief industrial hemp value chains have the potential to be carbon negative and ecologically sustainable and can therefore effectively supplement strategies for sustainable development and the transition to clean energy. Practical experiences worldwide highlight the need for Governments to establish a regulatory and institutional framework supporting the exploitation of all parts of the industrial hemp plant. In this regard the categorization of industrial hemp as an agricultural commodity subject to regulatory oversight by an agricultural department as in many member countries of the European Union rather than a controlled substance as in Malawi and the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland is of paramount importance.
Усиление международного реагирования на сложные глобальные потрясения – экстренная платформа
Mar 2023
Working Paper
Цель настоящей концептуальной записки — доработать предложение о создании Чрез¬вычайной платформы для принятия мер реагирования на комплексные глобальные потрясения с учетом отзывов полученных от государств-членов и других соответст- вующих партнеров. Чрезвычайная платфор¬ма задумывается не в качестве постоянного органа или постоянной структуры а как на¬бор протоколов которые могут быть активи¬рованы в случае необходимости. В записке дано краткое описание некоторых характери¬стик глобальных потрясений произошедших в XXI веке и некоторых рисков с которыми мы можем столкнуться в будущем. Особое внимание в ней уделено тому каким образом такие потрясения могут подорвать прогресс в достижении целей в области устойчивого развития и реализации Повестки дня на период до 2030 года а также в деле осуществле¬ния прав человека и обеспечения гендерного равенства. В ней отражен опыт полученный в ходе принятия мер реагирования на недав¬ние комплексные глобальные потрясения и изложены предложения по укреплению меж-дународных мер реагирования на комплекс¬ные глобальные потрясения путем созыва Чрезвычайной платформы. Наконец в ней предлагаются рекомендации о том каким образом эти предложения могут быть отра¬жены в Пакте во имя будущего.
Moving Fast With Frontier Technologies
Jun 2023
Working Paper
In the last two decades the use of frontier technologies such as artificial intelligence the Internet of things and energy from renewable sources has undergone significant growth and this trend is expected to continue. However there is still considerable concentration in these markets. The leading frontier technology providers are mostly firms from China the United States of America and a few other developed countries with little participation from developing countries. The same pattern is observed with regard to knowledge generation and trade. Governments of developing countries should take proactive action to increase preparedness to use adopt and adapt such technologies and to take up the economic opportunities linked to them. Some of the challenges associated with the adoption of new technologies in developing countries are addressed in this policy brief and some policy recommendations are proposed.
Réfléchir et agir pour les générations futures
Mar 2023
Working Paper
La présente note d’orientation propose une série de mesures pratiques visant à honorer un engagement de longue date celui de répondre aux exigences du présent tout en sauvegardant les intérêts des générations futures et en préservant leur capacité d’exercer effectivement leurs droits humains. Ces mesures sont les suivantes : la désignation d’un(e) envoyé(e) pour donner une voix aux générations futures à l’échelle mondiale; l’amélioration de l’utilisation de la prospective de la science et des données; l’adoption d’une déclaration pour définir nos devoirs envers les générations futures et en donner une traduction concrète; et la création d’une instance intergouvernementale spéciale chargée de faire avancer la mise en oeuvre de la déclaration et de mettre en commun les meilleures pratiques. Ces propositions s’inscrivent dans le prolongement de Notre Programme commun et dans la continuité des consultations intergouvernementales et multipartites qui ont été menées par la suite et dont il est rendu compte dans la « Note relative aux éléments à faire figurer dans la déclaration sur les générations futures » établie par les Missions permanentes des Fidji et des Pays-Bas auprès de l’Organisation des Nations Unies. La présente note vise à apporter une réponse aux questions soulevées par les États Membres lors des consultations notamment celles de savoir quelle définition donner à l’expression « générations futures » comment concilier nos engagements vis-à-vis des générations futures et nos devoirs envers les générations actuelles en quoi les mesures proposées peuvent faire progresser la réalisation de nos objectifs actuels en matière de développement durable de genre et de droits humains et sur quoi devrait déboucher le Sommet de l’avenir en la matière.
Reforzar la respuesta internacional en caso de crisis mundiales complejas – Una Plataforma de Emergencia
Mar 2023
Working Paper
El objetivo de este informe de políticas es elaborar la propuesta sobre la Plataforma de Emergencia que permita responder en caso de crisis mundial compleja incorporando los comentarios recibidos de los Estados Miembros y otros socios pertinentes. La Plataforma de Emergencia no sería un órgano o entidad permanente sino un conjunto de protocolos que podrían activarse en caso necesario. En el informe se exponen brevemente algunas de las características de las crisis mundiales del siglo XXI y algunos de los riesgos a los que podríamos enfrentarnos. Se destaca cómo las crisis podrían menoscabar los progresos hacia la consecución de los Objetivos de Desarrollo Sostenible y de la Agenda 2030 así como de los derechos humanos y la igualdad de género. Se reflexiona sobre las lecciones extraídas de la respuesta a recientes crisis mundiales complejas y se presentan propuestas para reforzar la respuesta internacional a una crisis mundial compleja organizando una Plataforma de Emergencia. Por último se ofrecen recomendaciones sobre cómo llevar esas propuestas más lejos en el Pacto para el Futuro.
African Continental Free Trade Area: Design of Dispute Settlement Mechanism Should Reflect Preferences and Realities of All Its Member States
Jan 2023
Working Paper
The African Continental Free Trade Area is set to promote structural transformation in States parties in addition to strengthening sustainable and inclusive socioeconomic development and improving gender equality. However to achieve the desired outcomes and maximize benefits it is imperative for implementation to be undertaken carefully with strong and appropriate institutions underpinning the process. A key aspect of any trade agreement involving different parties is the dispute settlement mechanism aimed at fostering trust accountability and the rule of law in operationalizing the agreement. UNCTAD in this policy brief analyses the framework of the dispute settlement mechanism under the African Continental Free Trade Area Agreement by comparing it with other dispute settlement mechanisms under regional economic communities and the World Trade Organization with a focus on challenges. In addition recommendations are made for enhancing the dispute settlement mechanism to ensure that it is more accessible and aligned with the preferences of member States of the African Continental Free Trade Area.
Climate-resilience of Seaports: Adequate Finance is Critical for Developing Countries but Remains a Major Challenge
Jul 2022
Working Paper
Climate change impacts on seaports can result in significant and costly damage operational disruption and delay across global supply chains with important implications for international trade and the sustainable development prospects of the most vulnerable countries. Timely and effective action on adaptation is a matter of growing urgency. Major scaling up of capacity-building and finance will be critical for developing countries and time is of the essence.
Unrealized Potential: Female Entrepreneurship and the Digital Gender Gap in Sub-Saharan Africa
Aug 2023
Working Paper
Promoting entrepreneurship technology adoption and gender equality is essential for economic growth. However women still face significant hurdles in Africa hindering their entrepreneurial pursuits. To overcome this gender inclusive institutions are needed. This article focuses on challenges women encounter in entrepreneurship including market systems favouring men and the widening digital gender gap in sub-Saharan Africa. Recommendations are provided to empower women through entrepreneurship employment and digitalization fostering a more equal economy and improved socio-economic conditions.
Population, Education and Sustainable Development
May 2023
Working Paper
Education is a key determinant of levels and trends of fertility mortality and migration. In turn coverage and investment in education are influenced by the rate of growth and the age structure of the population. Education and training over the life course are critically important to sustain socioeconomic development especially in modern economies increasingly driven by innovation and productivity growth. From a macroeconomic perspective a well-trained and well-educated workforce reinforces the positive impacts of the demographic dividend and tempers the fiscal and economic challenges associated with rapidly ageing populations while contributing to the achievement of various Sustainable Development Goals and to the realization of the Vision Statement of the Secretary-General on Transforming Education. This policy brief summarizes some policy implications in these and other interlinkages between population education and sustainable development.
Why Indigenous languages Matter
Feb 2023
Working Paper
Languages are one of the most significant emblems of human diversity revealing how we can perceive relate to and understand the world differently. Languages are vehicles of our cultures collective memory and values. They are an essential component of our identities. Out of the 6700 languages spoken worldwide forty percent are in danger of disappearing. Indigenous Peoples make up less than 6 percent of the global population yet they speak more than 4000 of the world’s languages. Most of the languages that are under threat are Indigenous languages. This dilemma is human-made and is exacerbated by ongoing assimilationist policies social pressure demographic change and the emphasis on a homogeneous nation State model that shares one culture and one language. The loss of global language diversity has been greatly accelerated by colonization and globalization. Other significant factors in the erosion of Indigenous languages are the dispossession of lands territories and resources; repression and assimilation; genocide and shrinking ageing communities in which language is not passed to next generations.
Promoting Youth Participation in Decision-Making and Public Service Delivery through Harnessing Digital Technologies
Jan 2023
Working Paper
This Policy Brief examines how public institutions can more effectively engage youth and promote their participation in decision-making and public service delivery to build more inclusive and resilient societies. It first examines the challenges public institutions face in meaningfully engaging youth in decision-making and public service delivery as well as the behaviors and characteristics of young people that can be relevant to policy dialogue and participation. It then explains how digital technologies can be harnessed to effectively engage young people in decision-making and delivering public services. Lastly it provides a set of policy recommendations on how public institutions can overcome engagement challenges and build an enabling ecosystem for youth participation.
Public Guarantee of Child Support
Dec 2022
Working Paper
Child support—a monetary transfer from a non-resident parent to a lone parent to assist with the cost of raising children following union dissolution—is a critical source of income for the increasing proportion of lone-mother families especially those at risk of experiencing poverty and material hardship. However in a wide range of countries a significant proportion of lone mothers do not receive financial support from their children’s father. Drawing on cross-national evidence and the Luxembourg Income Study Database (LIS) this policy brief highlights the importance of child support for lone-mother families and factors that may prevent lone mothers from receiving this transfer. It concludes with a series of recommendations to ensure regular and adequate child support is provided.
A World of Debt: A Growing Burden to Global Prosperity
Jul 2023
Working Paper
“A World of Debt” aims to provide an accessible and comprehensive platform to understand the critical issues of public debt in developing countries. Public debt can be vital for development. Governments use it to finance their expenditures to protect and invest in their people and to pave their way to a better future. However it can also be a heavy burden when public debt grows too much or too fast. This is what is happening today across the developing world. Public debt has reached colossal levels largely due to two factors; One - financing needs soared with countries’ efforts to fend off the impact of cascading crises on development. These include the COVID-19 pandemic the cost-of-living crisis and climate change; Two - an inequal international financial architecture makes developing countries’ access to financing inadequate and expensive. The weight of debt drags down development. Debt has been translating into a substantial burden for developing countries due to limited access to financing rising borrowing costs currency devaluations and sluggish growth. These factors compromise their ability to react to emergencies tackle climate change and invest in their people and their future. Countries are facing the impossible choice of servicing their debt or serving their people. Today 3.3 billion people live in countries that spend more on interest payments than on education or health. A world of debt disrupts prosperity for people and the planet. This must change.
An Equitable and Just Transition to Low-carbon Shipping
Nov 2023
Working Paper
The twenty-eighth session of the Conference of the Parties to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change provides an opportunity to assess progress in decarbonization efforts in the shipping sector and adds further momentum to carbon reduction actions. As noted in this policy brief taking swift measures to reduce the carbon footprint of this sector is instrumental’ given the economic role of the sector and the potential for the current carbon footprint to grow in tandem with global economic growth and trade expansion.
Placer l’égalité des sexes au cœur des stratégies de protection sociale en Afrique subsaharienne
Apr 2022
Working Paper
La protection sociale occupe une place de plus en plus importante dans l’agenda du développement social en Afrique subsaharienne. Des systèmes de protection sociale complets peuvent contribuer à éliminer la pauvreté et à réduire les inégalités stimuler une activité productive et la croissance économique et créer une résilience face aux crises multiples et récurrentes en particulier s’ils fonctionnent en tandem avec d’autres politiques sociales et du marché du travail. Récemment les pays de la région ont largement utilisé les instruments de protection sociale pour faire face aux retombées économiques et sociales de la pandémie de COVID-19. Dans ce contexte cette note analyse dans quelle mesure et de quelles manières les pays de la région intègrent l’égalité des sexes et l’autonomisation des femmes dans leurs efforts de protection sociale tirant parti d’une base de données unique de stratégies nationales de protection sociale de 30 pays de la région y compris 14 en Afrique de l’Ouest et centrale et 16 en Afrique de l’Est et australe. Elle constate que si un nombre important de stratégies reconnaissent les risques et les vulnérabilités liés au genre peu incluent des actions spécifiques pour y faire face. Cette note s’achève par un ensemble de recommandations pour une intégration accrue des préoccupations relatives à l’égalité des sexes dans les efforts visant à mettre en place des systèmes nationaux de protection sociale.
Enhancing Public Institutions’ Risk-informed Communication to address Multifaceted Crises for Disaster Risk Reduction, Resilience and Climate Action
Jan 2024
Working Paper
Risk-informed governance and a strong risk management framework are essential for ensuring disaster risk reduction (DRR) and resilience in rapidly changing and complex world. Governments and public institutions can use risk informed strategies for efficient decision-making and policy formulation in a world characterized by emerging challenges such as climate change economic volatility food insecurity and global health crises. Risk management is a key strategy to implement the principle of sound policy making one of the 11 principles of effective governance for sustainable development. “Effective risk communication along the risk policy cycle is considered highly relevant for successful risk management from prevention to response preparation review and monitoring of diverse risks.”
Preliminary Assessment of the Economic Impact of the Destruction in Gaza and Prospects for Economic Recovery
Jan 2024
Working Paper
Israel has occupied Gaza and the West Bank including East Jerusalem since June 1967. Despite the “withdrawal” of Israel from Gaza in 2005 it has retained control over its airspace and all land and sea borders except for the 12 km border with Egypt. Since the early 1990s and greatly amplified after 2007 the Palestinian people in Gaza have been subjected to prolonged and severe restrictions on their movement that in combination with tight restrictions on trade in goods in effect amount to a blockade on the densely populated 365 km2 Gaza Strip. Furthermore Israel does not allow the construction and operation of air or seaports and bans or restricts the importation of critical production inputs and technology.
Who Picks (Y)our Waste? Evidence-based Observations and Policy Priorities for Equitable Development
Apr 2023
Working Paper
Waste-pickers are one of the most crucial yet often ignored segments of the water sanitation and hygiene (WASH) programming. These workers often labour in hazardous conditions under the uncertainty of informal employment but are the key to keeping the environment clean and our cities (particularly urban spaces) safe. Challenges these workers face - such as limited earning capacity increased risk of falling into poverty and insecurities of food income work and livelihood - have been further accentuated by the COVID-19 pandemic. These challenges have been noted to be worse for women - who are more vulnerable to significant impacts on their health - with potential intergenerational impacts. This brief drawing from broad themes of socio-economic insecurity among informal workers across developing nations presents on-ground evidence on demographic employment identification housing and social security characteristics of waste pickers from across ten states in India. It also discusses some policy directions to ensure structural transformation towards resilient and equitable development for this cohort.
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