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الزراعة والتنمية الريفية والغابات
الزراعة والتنمية الريفية والغابات
Abuse of Older Persons
أكتوبر ٢٠١٣
Working Paper
Population ageing in UNECE member States has given rise to fears that abuse of older persons may increase in its incidence prevalence and complexity. Stereotypes may provide the breeding ground for abuse in society. Given the taboo attached to the topic abuse and neglect are often underreported. Older people may be silent for fear of exposing a family member losing services or being institutionalized. Therefore there is a lack of reliable internationally comparable data to evaluate the phenomenon.
Lifelong Learning
مارس ٢٠١٠
Working Paper
Populations in the UNECE region are ageing rapidly. To maintain economic growth and standard of living people would need to work longer before they can retire. Regarding people who are currently in their working age demographic change may require to include those into the labour market who were previously not fully integrated such as early school leavers women and migrants. In a knowledge society this all requires a good standard of basic education as well as vocational training tertiary education information and communication technology (ICT) and language skills.
Caregiving in an Ageing World
نوفمبر ٢٠٢٢
Working Paper
People in almost all countries are living longer. Globally babies born in 2022 are expected to live 71.7 years on average 25 years longer than those born in 1950. Rapidly ageing populations have increasing health and long-term care needs. As the forthcoming World Social Report 2023 discusses however today’s care and support systems for older persons are insufficient requiring greater policy attention. The Covid-19 pandemic exposed existing weaknesses across countries in approaches to long-term care and showed how these weaknesses can aggravate inequalities. Poor quality and underfunded care facilities insufficient provisions for care at home low wages and precarious working conditions for paid care workers all contributed to increasing the already significant threat of Covid-19 for older persons (United Nations 2020). The speed of change and the scale of the crisis have strengthened the call for fundamental reform of approaches to long-term care. Failure to do so will harm today’s older persons and those who care for them as well as future generations of older persons.
The ‘Great Finance Divide’
يونيو ٢٠٢٢
Working Paper
Over the last two years the world economy has been rocked by multiple non-economic shocks from the COVID-19 pandemic to the war in Ukraine. Climate-related disasters continue to increase in frequency and severity. Together these events have had enormous socio-economic consequences due to the interrelated nature of economic social and environmental risks. But not all countries and people have been impacted in the same way in part because a financing divide is sharply curtailing the ability of many developing countries to respond to shocks and invest in recovery. The outbreak of COVID-19 delivered a seismic shock to the global economy but developed countries were able to respond with aggressive macroeconomic policies.
Age-friendly Employment: Policies and Practices
يناير ٢٠١١
Working Paper
In many UNECE countries the average actual retirement age is below the statutory retirement age which means that the labour market is losing a great deal of resources in terms of experience and labour capacity of older workers. Ageing societies however cannot afford to lose the highly valuable resource of older workers. If there are people aged 55 years or older who want to work but cannot due to unfavourable conditions in the labour market UNECE member States may wish to address this issue.
Old Age Inequality Begins at Birth
يناير ٢٠٢٣
Working Paper
Old age disadvantage begins at birth. Much of the inequality between older persons has its roots in early life conditions. Without policies to prevent it disadvantages reinforce one another through peoples’ lives leading to large disparities among older adults. A life course perspective on ageing is critical to improving people’s health and well-being throughout the life course into old age. The onset and severity of disability – affecting either physical or mental health – profoundly impacts the lives of people and their families and incurs large economic and societal costs in terms of health care and caregiving needs. Disability is a key outcome of unequal ageing as it has been tied to both early life conditions such as childhood poverty and later life risk factors including health behaviors occupation and chronic stress. Examining physical functional limitations as a measure of disability lends itself to cross-national comparisons of inequalities in health in old age as it measures difficulties that people face in carrying out tasks in their daily living and does not depend on access to health care and medical professionals for diagnosis as is the case for examining differences in the prevalence of diseases such as diabetes or cardiovascular disease.
Realizing the Potential of Living Longer
سبتمبر ٢٠١٧
Working Paper
Policy responses to population ageing to date have primarily focused on adapting welfare systems to the challenges of demographic change. Much less attention is being paid to the opportunities and potentials that living longer holds for individuals economies and society at large and to tackling the barriers that currently hinder their full realization. Perceiving longevity mainly as a fiscal pressure and an obstacle to economic growth may trigger reforms that result in rising inequalities. This can occur when the cumulative disadvantages stemming from difficulties in transitions over the life course ill health and disability and unpaid caregiving are insufficiently addressed. It also feeds into age-based stereotypes and negative attitudes towards older people. To change this it is essential to better recognize the potentials of ageing societies and to enable people to live active and fulfilling lives as they age.
Combating Ageism in the World of Work
فبراير ٢٠١٩
Working Paper
Ageism is the stereotyping prejudice and discrimination against people based on their age. Many older workers face ageism when looking for new jobs training opportunities and career development or are pushed to leave into early retirement in times of economic recession. Ageism in the labour market is costly to businesses who do not make the most of their ageing workforce. At the individual level ageism has been shown to negatively affect health and well-being. The complexity and intersectionality of the phenomenon needs to be addressed now. Deeply rooted stereotypes prejudices and discriminatory practices take time to change. Combating ageism in the world of work requires removing ageist provisions in the legal and regulatory framework addressing prejudice and negative stereotypes about older workers and encouraging age-inclusive and age-diverse workplaces that offer equal opportunities for all generations.
Tapping the Potential of Volunteering
يناير ٢٠١١
Working Paper
The concept of volunteering has many aspects. Across the UNECE region there is no unified definition of volunteering in terms of pay duration of activity or content of work. In this context a clear distinction between regular employment and volunteering must be drawn which must go beyond the mere presence or absence of remuneration. Benefits for volunteers need to be clearly outlined e.g. training opportunities social participation and inclusion as well as other aspects. Older persons benefit from volunteering both as providers and as recipients. Promoting these activities is therefore in the interest of every government. Such promotion can be achieved by offering support to organizations and volunteers through the strategies outlined in this policy brief.
Mainstreaming Ageing
نوفمبر ٢٠٠٩
Working Paper
Population ageing has important and far-reaching implications across all spheres of society. Ageing-related issues therefore need to be integrated into all policy fields in order to bring societies and economies in harmony with demographic change. This policy brief looks at how Governments can do this and provides selected examples. It also addresses the ways in which all age groups can be equally involved in designing implementing and evaluating ageing-related policies and programmes.
Older Persons in Rural and Remote Areas
مارس ٢٠١٧
Working Paper
Rural and remote areas in many countries experience more pronounced population ageing than urban areas and subsequently have a higher share of older residents. Lower population density and more geographically dispersed populations make it more difficult and expensive to create and maintain a comprehensive service infrastructure as common in urban areas. Consequently rural populations have less access to services and activities and their situation may aggravate further when combined with poorer socio-economic conditions. This puts rural populations at a disadvantage compared to urban ones and can be particularly problematic for older people who may face a greater risk of social isolation reduced mobility lack of support and health care deficits as a result of the place in which they live.
Improving the Criteria to Access Aid for Countries That Need It the Most
يوليو ٢٠٢٢
Working Paper
The COVID-19 crisis has resulted in significant output contractions deteriorating social conditions and worsened debt sustainability. Some countries that had previously attained higher income status and deemed no longer to need grants and concessional finance in the form of Official Development Assistance (ODA) are once again in need of heightened international support. This includes countries that slid back to a lower income category as well as higher income vulnerable countries such as numerous small island developing States (SIDS) who have found it difficult to respond and recover from the pandemic without support. Access to ODA including through concessional finance windows at multilateral development banks (MDBs) is generally linked to gross national income (GNI) per capita. As developing countries attain higher income per capita status access to grants and concessional windows declines. As a result countries’ average cost of borrowing generally becomes more expensive with shorter maturities which can widen financing gaps in normal times. In times of crises these gaps are magnified underscoring countries’ need for support. Recognition that the need for support is often linked to factors that are not measured by income has led to MDBs in particular to include important exceptions in eligibility criteria including incorporating vulnerability. However it has often been ad hoc and not based on a full analysis of risk factors. This policy brief outlines the criteria to access ODA why it needs to improve and suggests a way forward.
The Impact of COVID-19 on South-East Asia
سبتمبر ٢٠٢٠
Working Paper
The health economic and political impact of COVID-19 (coronavirus) has been significant across South-East Asia but the virus has not spread as rapidly here as in other parts of the world. There is much to learn from the response to date of countries in the subregion as governments have acted swiftly and despite limited fiscal space to contain the pandemic and avoid its worst effects. This policy brief examines how the eleven countries of South-East Asia are coping with the immediate impacts of COVID-19 focusing on the subregion’s socio-economic response and providing four sets of recommendations for a recovery that leads to a more sustainable resilient and inclusive future.
COVID-19 and Transforming Tourism
أغسطس ٢٠٢٠
Working Paper
Tourism provides livelihoods for millions of people and allows billions more to appreciate their own and different cultures as well as the natural world. For some countries it can represent over 20 per cent of their GDP and overall it is the third largest export sector of the global economy. Tourism is one of the sectors most affected by the COVID-19 (coronavirus) pandemic impacting economies livelihoods public services and opportunities on all continents. While sustaining the livelihoods dependent on the sector must be a priority rebuilding tourism is also an opportunity for transformation with a focus on leveraging its impact on destinations visited and building more resilient communities and businesses through innovation digitalization sustainability and partnerships.
UN 2.0 Forward-thinking Culture and Cutting-edge Skills for Better United Nations System Impact
سبتمبر ٢٠٢٣
Working Paper
The present policy brief charts the journey ahead. It describes the cultural levers that form the foundation of our organizational transformation along with the “quintet of change” that builds on it. While introduced separately all UN 2.0 areas are interconnected and mutually reinforcing. In each chapter we illustrate the potential for impact explain why we shift approaches highlight where we are now outline our goals and describe how we are changing. With this policy brief we provide a broad framework for change and offer direction for more detailed strategies plans and initiatives. Each United Nations entity will pursue its own journey towards the UN 2.0 vision progressing along its own path. Every element of the “quintet of change” will have a unique footprint in every entity – tailored to mandate and context.
Digital Trade: Opportunities and Actions for Developing Countries
يناير ٢٠٢٢
Working Paper
Digital trade is increasingly important and comprises both digitally ordered trade in goods and services (cross-border electronic commerce (e-commerce)) and digitally delivered trade (services delivered internationally through the Internet or other networks). However countries vary greatly in their readiness for digital trade. If the share of developing countries particularly the least developed countries in world trade is to increase as envisaged in the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development actions are needed to strengthen their capacity to benefit from digital trade. The coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic has made this need even more urgent.
Emerging Strategies for Ports During the Pandemic
فبراير ٢٠٢٢
Working Paper
The coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic has had a significant impact on humankind and on global commerce. Ports and port communities have experienced major changes to normal operating environments. The strategies used by ports to remain open and continue to facilitate sustainable economic development throughout the pandemic may provide useful lessons for policymakers particularly in relation to the protocols and innovative measures that have been employed to mitigate the impact of the pandemic on the movement of imports and exports as well as ships’ crew and essential port workers.
Why Robust Digital Identity Systems Are Essential in Fostering Trade and Development
مارس ٢٠٢٢
Working Paper
The coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic has accelerated the shift toward a more digital world in a way that will have long-lasting effects. Lockdown measures have led to a surge in electronic commerce (e-commerce) as consumers look for alternatives to in-person shopping. Such shifts in global consumer behaviour mean that a robust e-commerce framework is rapidly becoming an essential component of a regionally integrated economy. Moreover e-commerce and other economic activities enabled by information and communications technology have the potential to accelerate progress towards all 17 Sustainable Development Goals. However many developing countries face challenges when it comes to the promotion and implementation of e-commerce. Leading these challenges are consumer concerns over the cybersecurity infrastructure that underpins electronic transactions especially the lack of strong methods of authentication to tackle fraud-related issues. To address such challenges countries should establish policies that lead to the implementation of a robust national digital identity framework.
From Commodity to Common Good: A Feminist Agenda to Tackle the World’s Water Crisis
أغسطس ٢٠٢٣
Working Paper
Safe drinking water and sanitation are essential for the full enjoyment of life and all human rights. They are particularly important for women and girls who are most often the primary users providers and managers of water in their households. Where running water is unavailable at home women and girls are the ones primarily responsible for traveling long distances to collect it. The lack of safe water and adequate sanitation facilities exposes women and girls to illness violence and hampers their ability to learn and earn an income. With the objective of raising awareness around the gender and water nexus UN Women has embarked on the production of an SDG Spotlight paper focused on evaluating SDG 6 from a gender perspective. The short paper reviews the state of gender equality as it relates to SDG 6 and showcases how a gender perspective along with robust data disaggregation by sex and other relevant characteristics can inform and strengthen the discourse around SDG 6 acceleration. Pressing data gaps and measurement challenges along with policy recommendations are also captured and discussed in the paper.
Export Potential Under the African Continental Free Trade Area: Limited Prospects for the Least Developed Countries in Africa?
فبراير ٢٠٢٢
Working Paper
Free trade under the African Continental Free Trade Area commenced in January 2021. Countries agreed to remove tariffs on 90 per cent of goods progressively liberalize trade in services and eliminate non-tariff barriers to improve regional cohesion create a single large African market and promote gross domestic product (GDP) growth through trade. With the objective of guiding feasible policies and sectoral strategies at the national and regional levels this policy brief highlights how countries in Africa in particular the least developed countries benefit differently from tariff liberalization and the removal of non-tariff barriers.
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