China
Exporting to China
Opportunities for Developing Countries in the Belt and Road Initiative
Since the launch of the Belt and Road Initiative in 2013 exports from participating developing countries to China have soared by 79% to $798 billion. However almost half of the export potential from these countries to China is unrealized. There are abundant opportunities for export growth in manufacturing exports to China. While many are resource-based plenty are value-added. Efforts to leverage the former should encompass environmental sustainability and working conditions. Targeted trade promotion must be designed to unlock the latter. Beyond infrastructure improvements this global initiative promotes international economic cooperation that can materialize sustainable inclusive value-added trade for developing countries. The analysis presented in this report provides comprehensive insights into the export potential to the Chinese market for developing countries that participate in the BRI. This report also highlights that while these export opportunities can be a potent force for good they must be navigated with awareness and foresight and always with a sustainable development lens. It is not merely about trading more; it is about trading right.
China’s Policy Strategies for Green Low-Carbon Development: Perspective from South-South Cooperation
This “updated” volume China’s Policy Strategies for Green Low Carbon Development: Perspective from South-South Cooperation adds some valuable insights to the ongoing discussions on this topical issue. It aims to make a substantial contribution to the current discourse on China’s transition process encompassing both economic and climate aspects. Furthermore it will enhance the understanding of the binding constraints developing countries encounter at national level and how to advance green structural transformation through proper policy strategies formulation.
The Role of China’s Pilot Free Trade Zones in Promoting Institutional Innovation, Industrial Transformation and South-South Cooperation
This publication aims to discuss the genesis features and performance of the FTZs strategy. It also presents comparative analysis between FTZs and other special economic zones in other economies in the region. Furthermore the volume examines the role of FTZs in promoting local SDG progress industrial development and South-South cooperation through three case studies.
Submitted papers: Has COVID-19 had any impact on outward foreign direct investment from China to the ASEAN and CAREC regions?
The paper examines the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on outward foreign direct investment (OFDI) from China specifically focusing on State-owned enterprises. It also analyses the potential effects of the Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) on the ASEAN and CAREC regions following the pandemic. It is evident that OFDI of BRI significantly has harmed Stateowned enterprises of China in the ASEAN and CAREC regions. Despite this the paper recommends that the BRI projects should still continue in the post-pandemic period to benefit the countries in these regions.
Policymakers’ corner: Poverty alleviation strategies in China: Evolution from an area-based to targeted strategy
Over the past four decades China has successfully eradicated extreme poverty through a series of government-led anti-poverty strategies. This paper examines the evolution of the country’s “area-based” to “targeted” poverty alleviation strategy keeping up with the changing circumstances of economic development and poverty situation. The experience of China shows that despite various challenges for a large developing country poverty reduction is achievable through policy commitments and institutional coordination adaptation to circumstances developmentoriented policy measures and mobilization of societal and financial resources.
Dans les campagnes chinoises, les écrans réduisent les distances
Pour les écoles des zones rurales le recours aux nouvelles technologies permet d’améliorer l’offre éducative et d’élargir l’horizon des élèves.
In China, online tools to level up learning in remote areas
The use of new technologies can improve learning opportunities in rural schools and help expand children’s horizons.
Китай: неизведанные миры на дне «небесных ям»
В 2016 году я и моя исследовательская группа спустились на 600 метров под землю на днотянькэна Дашивэй расположенного в уезде Лэе городского округа Байсэ в Гуанси-Чжуанском автономном районе Китая. Термином «тянькэн» что в переводе с китайского значит «небесная яма» называют крупные карстовые провалы с крутыми отвесными склонами которые в течение миллионов лет образовались в пластах карбонатных пород.
Китай: неизведанные миры на дне «небесных ям»
В 2016 году я и моя исследовательская группа спустились на 600 метров под землю на днотянькэна Дашивэй расположенного в уезде Лэе городского округа Байсэ в Гуанси-Чжуанском автономном районе Китая. Термином «тянькэн» что в переводе с китайского значит «небесная яма» называют крупные карстовые провалы с крутыми отвесными склонами которые в течение миллионов лет образовались в пластах карбонатных пород.
中国“天坑"：深入未知世界
2016 年，在中国广西壮族自治区百 色市乐业县，我和我的团队缘绳而下， 来到了地下 600 米深处的大石围天坑 底 部。“ 天 坑” 的 意 思 是“ 玄 妙 的 深 坑”，是指在碳酸盐岩层中经过数百万 年逐渐形成的带有陡峭岩壁的巨型陷 坑状负地形。
Mundos inexplorados en los ‘fosos celestiales’ de China
En 2016 en el distrito chino de Leye en la ciudad de Baise de la región autónoma Zhuang de Guangxi mi equipo y yo bajamos hasta el fondo del tiankeng de Dashiwei 600 metros bajo la superficie. En mandarín el sustantivo tiankeng o ‘foso celestial’ es lo que los geólogos denominan un sumidero una dolina o depresión del terreno generada por el derrumbe de terrenos kársticos formados durante millones de años en los estratos de rocas calcáreas.
En Chine, des mondes inexplorés dans les « puits célestes »
En 2016 dans le district de Leye ville de Baise région autonome zhuang du Guangxi en Chine mon équipe et moi-même sommes descendus au fond du tiankeng de Dashiwei à 600 mètres de profondeur. Le terme tiankeng ou puits céleste désigne les vastes dépressions d’effondrement aux parois abruptes ou dolines qui se sont formées pendant des millions d’années dans des strates de roches carbonatées.
China’s “heavenly pits”, a dive into the unknown
In 2016 in Baise Leye County of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region of China my team and I rappelled down with a rope to the bottom of the Dashiwei Tiankeng 600 metres under the ground. The term tiankeng “heavenly pit” refers to large sink-like negative terrains with steep walls formed over millions of years and developed in carbonate rock strata.
India Overtakes China as the World’s Most Populous Country
The transition of China to a low-emission future: The role of clean coal technologies
The “30-60” catchphrase in China refers to the commitment of China to reduce greenhouse gas emissions after the peak by 2030 and achieve carbon neutrality before 2060. The 30-60 goal is a challenge but it offers opportunities for the country’s sustainable future. By using Integrated energy and environment policy assessment modelling an assessment of the energy strategies and policy regimes for the country’s energy transition by 2050 is conducted. Based on the results it can be argued that coal will remain an important part of the transition pathway and hence clean coal technology development is critical.
Las relaciones económicas de la Argentina con China y su impacto sobre una estrategia productiva de largo plazo
El objetivo del presente trabajo es analizar la evolución de las relaciones comerciales y de las inversiones entre la Argentina y China en la posconvertibilidad. En lo que respecta a las exportaciones argentinas el comercio con China muestra un patrón de primarización mayor en relación con otros socios comerciales. En el mercado interno argentino los efectos negativos de la competencia china para la producción nacional están acotados a sectores específicos. Sin embargo se destaca un desplazamiento significativo de las exportaciones argentinas hacia el Brasil por parte de la competencia china. En lo relativo a la inversión extranjera directa esta se concentra en la búsqueda de recursos naturales con escasos derrames productivos y tecnológicos. Por lo tanto la tendencia que muestran tanto el comercio bilateral como las inversiones de China en la Argentina (íntimamente ligados) no favorece una estrategia de largo plazo orientada a lograr la diversificación de las exportaciones.
Argentina’s economic relations with China and their impact on a long-term production strategy
This article analyses how trade and investment relations between Argentina and China have evolved in the post-convertibility period. In the case of trade Argentina’s sales to China are more concentrated in the primary sector than its exports to other countries. Chinese competition has adverse effects on Argentina’s domestic production only in specific sectors but it has caused significant displacement of Argentine exports to Brazil. In the case of foreign direct investment Chinese FDI is driven by a quest for natural resources and generates little productive or technological spillover. Thus the trends of both bilateral trade and Chinese investments in Argentina (which are closely linked) in neither case are conducive to a long-term export diversification strategy.
How does policy create an opportunity window for China’s digital economy?
From the initial stage of “bringing in” foreign firms to the stage of “going out” (going global) the four-decade development process of China is not just about its participation in globalization but also about Chinese firms’ innovation based on global knowledge sourcing. This study provides a new interpretation of the technology catching-up of Chinese firms incorporating the theory of windows of opportunity considering policies as windows for international knowledge sourcing and technology catch-up. It assesses the impact on innovation performance of inward and outward foreign direct investment policies as institutional windows for knowledge sourcing aims to identify the effective width of windows of opportunity and establishes how these policies lead to outstanding innovation performance by latecomers over time by leveraging external knowledge. Threshold models were adopted using data from multiple sources on 187 Chinese listed firms in the digital industry including 2807 firm-year observations. The results show that nonlinear relationships exist between institutional windows and innovation performance. The roles and mechanisms of institutional windows of opportunities in Chinese firms’ knowledge-sourcing process demonstrate the decisive effects of the Government’s internationalization policies and their role in promoting the development of Chinese digital technologies. Implications are elaborated for both policymakers and Chinese multinational firms in the digital industry.
En Chine, l’espoir renaît pourles « enfants des étoiles »
Ce que nous connaissons aujourd’hui sous le nom d’autisme faisait déjà l’objet d’écrits en Chine dès le VIIe siècle. Sous la dynastie Sui (581-618 de notre ère) Chao Yuanfang un médecin impérial dans son ouvrage Zhubing Yuanhou Lun (De l’étiologie des maladies) a décrit le phénotype dit hun se (tête embrouillée) yu chi (retard de langage) en disant qu’il « se manifestait cliniquement par l’absence de parole et le retard neuro-développemental de l’enfant ».
Latin America and China: mutual benefit or dependency?
This article seeks to contribute to the debate on China-Latin America relations. It considers whether the trade relations that exist between China and the region are mutually beneficial or instead reinforce Latin America’s dependency on the international scenario. The effects of Chinese growth on a group of Latin American countries are analysed using the computable general equilibrium model of the Global Trade Analysis Project (GTAP). Chinese growth was simulated through an expansion of the Chinese capital stock thus mirroring the trend observed in recent decades. The results suggest a return to the commodity export model and a reduction in industrial activity in the Latin American countries analysed particularly in the high-tech sectors. Nonetheless well-being in Latin America also increased mainly owing to improvements in the terms of trade (resulting from the commodity price boom).