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Life Below Water
What works?
Policy makers regulatory and enforcement agencies and funding institutions have good reason to seek insights into which interventions are effective in decreasing wildlife crime and in what contexts success has been achieved. Such knowledge can inform decisions about which interventions to fund or implement and which policies to pursue.
Impacts and harms
The preceding chapter of this report provides insights based on seizure data into contemporary patterns and trends in wildlife trafficking and considers evidence of the nature of related criminal activities. This current chapter takes stock of the types of harms that can result from wildlife crime. Such analysis was not a feature of the first two editions of the World Wildlife Crime Report but is included here as better understanding of these harms can shape perceptions of wildlife crime’s significance and inform both policy responses and prioritization of actions.
Drivers
The driving forces behind wildlife crime are a complex interplay of motivations and influences from economic incentives to socio-cultural dynamics. This chapter attempts to shed light on the diverse drivers shaping the patterns and trends of criminality connected with wildlife trafficking. Better understanding of these factors can inform the design and refinement of remedial interventions.
Introduction
This third edition of the World Wildlife Crime Report probes recent trends in the illicit trafficking of protected species of wild fauna and flora and provides a broad assessment of current knowledge about the causes and implications of associated crime at a global level.
Preface
I am pleased to present the third edition of UNODC’s World Wildlife Crime Report which aims to provide a tool to assess and improve responses to this hugely damaging form of criminal activity. The present report covers trends in the illicit wildlife trade analyses harms and impacts probes driving factors and takes stock of responses.
Summary, conclusions & policy implications
This third edition of the World Wildlife Crime Report like its predecessors published in 2016 and 2020 probes trends in the illicit trafficking of protected wildlife species. It also presents systematic analyses of wildlife crime harms and impacts probes the factors driving wildlife trafficking trends and takes stock of current knowledge about the effectiveness of the different types of intervention being pursued to resolve this problem.
Acknowledgements
The third edition of the World Wildlife Crime Report was prepared by the Research and Trend Analysis Branch Division for Policy Analysis and Public Affairs United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime under the supervision of Jean-Luc Lemahieu Director of the Division for Policy Analysis and Public Affairs and Angela Me Chief of the Research and Trend Analysis Branch.
World Wildlife Crime Report 2024
Trafficking in Protected Species
This third edition of UNODC’s quadrennial World Wildlife Crime Report aims to provide a tool to assess and improve responses to this hugely damaging form of criminal activity. The present report covers trends in the illicit wildlife trade analyses harms and impacts probes driving factors and takes stock of responses. Wildlife crimes are diverse and often devastating in their impact and consequences. They hamper conservation efforts damage ecosystems and contribute to undermining our planet’s capacity to mitigate climate change. They also infringe on the essential needs income opportunities and cultural rights of local communities and corrode governance and the rule of law. Global recognition of this damage has grown steadily and after two decades of concerted action there is some cause for optimism. There has been tangible success against trafficking of some iconic species while cross-border cooperation and criminalization of wildlife crime have both improved.
Executive summary
This study aims to enhance our comprehension of the seaweed sector as a tripartite vector for economic growth environmental sustainability and women’s economic empowerment. It builds upon the outcomes of the 4th United Nations Oceans Forum (UNOF) the 2023 Trade and Environment Review (TER) and expert interviews to present the interlinkages of the seaweed sector (production market trade) with food and nutrition environmental and climate goals. The study adopts a gender lens paying attention to women’s participation throughout the seaweed value chain.
What is seaweed and why does it represent a new sustainable ocean economic opportunity?
Seaweed as a marine macroalgae can be classified into three taxonomic groups: brown red and green. Their contributions to sustainability range from generating sustainable livelihoods for small-scale farmers and harvesters to potentially playing an important role in mitigating climate change. Several case studies have shown how the seaweed sector has been a key driver of women’s empowerment in ocean communities (World Bank 2023a). Seaweed production requires less resources and production inputs and its export faces lower barriers to market entry than traditional fisheries. However seaweed is often amalgamated with fisheries and other aquaculture activities thus not yet fully recognized as a distinct sector. That can lead to underestimating its importance for economic development especially for women.
Acknowledgements
This publication was produced and coordinated by the Division on International Trade and Commodities of the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD) based on a study of the UNCTAD Oceans Economy and Fisheries Programme. A study team was led by David Vivas Eugui with work carried out under the overall guidance of Chantal Line Carpentier.
Conclusions
This section presents various lines of action to respond to the challenges and to seize the opportunities identified in this study for developing a gender inclusive seaweed sector that advances many of the SDGs. It also offers a pathway to remove the barriers to scaling up seaweed production.
The seaweed value chain through a gender lens: A gender inclusive value chain?
The role of women is key to achieving sustainable growth in the seaweed sector. The food security-gender nexus in the seaweed industry is critical considering that women constitute a disproportionately large percentage of the people engaged in the informal lowest paid least stable and least skilled segments of the workforce. In aquaculture women comprise 28 per cent of the workforce within the primary sector; within fisheries this figure is 18 per cent. Spanning both the pre- and post-harvest stages of the value chain their participation reaches an estimated 50 per cent (FAO 2022). Beyond their pivotal role in coastal rural economies women play a substantial part in ensuring household food security and nutritional wellbeing all the while managing domestic and caregiving responsibilities.
An Ocean of Opportunities: The Potential of Seaweed to Advance Food, Environmental and Gender Dimensions of the SDGs
This study aims to enhance our comprehension of the seaweed sector as a tripartite vector for economic growth environmental sustainability and women’s economic empowerment. It builds upon the outcomes of the 4th United Nations Oceans Forum (UNOF) the 2023 Trade and Environment Review (TER) and expert interviews to present the interlinkages of the seaweed sector with food and nutrition environmental and climate goals. The study adopts a gender lens paying attention to women’s participation throughout the seaweed value chain. Seaweed’s growing popularity offers potential to increase economic income food security preserve marine biodiversity and empower women along the value chains. Seaweed farming and processing demonstrate how development climate and nature can work together to generate value that uplifts coastal communities including women and Indigenous Peoples. Seaweed has multiple uses including for food nutraceuticals cosmetics pharmaceuticals aquatic animal or livestock feed biofertilizer textiles and biofuels. It can also be used for producing fully biodegradable and compostable biomass for non-plastics substitute and plastic alternatives.