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- Volume 1996, Issue 60, 1996
CEPAL Review - Volume 1996, Issue 60, 1996
Volume 1996, Issue 60, 1996
Cepal Review is the leading journal for the study of economic and social development issues in Latin America and the Caribbean. Edited by the Economic Commission for Latin America, each issue focuses on economic trends, industrialization, income distribution, technological development and monetary systems, as well as the implementation of reforms and transfer of technology. Written in English and Spanish (Revista De La Cepal), each tri-annual issue brings you approximately 12 studies and essays undertaken by authoritative experts or gathered from conference proceedings.
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Development thinking and policies: The way ahead
作者: Gert RosenthalThis article takes a long-term view of the evolution of development thinking and policies in Latin America and the Caribbean. It begins by looking at the changes in policy formulation trends, noting that the most abrupt changes of this type occurred, first during the period between the wars, and second, in the early 1980s, and although in both cases changes took place which may be considered as swings of the pendulum or phases in a larger picture, they were nevertheless significant. The author then reviews the economic reforms implemented from the 1980s onwards and highlights their common factors, although these cannot be said to belong to a set paradigm, because of the markedly different ways they were applied in the different countries.
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Macroeconomic policies for growth
This article analyses the interrelation between the macro-economic framework and growth. After reviewing the recent macroeconomic environment, highlighting progress and shortcomings, it focuses on the implications of the existence of gaps between production capacity and its degree of utilization or effective demand; the way in which persistent disparities in this respect affect the speed of expansion of the production frontier is illustrated by examples from the 1980s and 1990s. It then reviews economic policies that affect the degree of proximity between the production frontier and effective demand, with particular reference to the cases of anti-inflationary policies and external shocks.
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Capital flows: Lessons from the Chilean experience
作者: Eduardo Aninat and Christian Larraín P.This article examines the capital regulation system used in the Chilean economy in recent years. It begins by describing the factors determining international capital movements in recent times and the role of the financial system in the intermediation of such flows. It then considers the Chilean policy on the regulation of capital flows, which seeks to solve the problem of how to reconcile the reduction of inflation with the maintenance of a real exchange rate compatible with export competitiveness. The policy instruments used include intervention by the Central Bank, which is reflected in a strong increase in the international reserves, together with open-market money sterilization operations.
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Changes In the industrial development of Latin America
Trade liberalization, deregulation of economic activity, the privatization of public-sector production units and much more careful management of the main macroeconomic aggregates are causing profound changes in the behaviour of the Latin American economies. A more competitive climate is gradually spreading through the countries of the region as companies, markets and institutions adapt to a new micro- and macroeconomic scene. This article analyses the various types of modifications in the production structure of the industrial firms of Latin America, the variations in productivity, the systems of incentives and industrial organization, as well as the organization of labour and the trends of the changes connected with the factors of production.
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Pension system reforms in Latin America: The position of the International organizations
This article analyses the position taken by various international and regional organizations regarding pension system reforms in Latin America. Over the last ten years, these organizations have carried out studies on almost all the Latin American countries (although on only a few in the English-speaking Caribbean), identified and analysed key aspects, compared the reforms made, evaluated their advantages and disadvantages and developed global strategies or sets of desirable features for ideal types of reforms. The author identifies a number of the main alternatives or issues in the social security debate, makes a general classification of the pension system reforms carried out in the region, and after describing a hypothetically universal model he analyses its real viability.
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The contributions of applied anthropology to peasant development
作者: John DurstonThe present surge of interest in participative rural development projects based on peasant communities differs from similar past experiences in that it forms part of a broader tendency to decentralize social management, to enhance the role of the beneficiaries of social policies, and to give them a bigger say in their implementation. In order to avoid repeating the failures of past decades in programmes designed to reduce rural poverty, it is necessary to incorporate elements of modem applied anthropology in programmes for the training of extension workers and in the explanatory models of specialists formulating rural development projects.
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Biodiversity prospecting: A new panacea for development?
Biodiversity has been touted by some as the developing countries’ new competitive advantage because these countries have sovereignty over the majority of the world’s biodiversity, the value of which is yet to be determined. Biodiveisity prospecting is the examination of biological resources in search of active compounds for pharmaceutical development, agricultural and industrial use. In this article, five cases of biodiversity prospecting are described, their future prospects are analysed, and policy options for other institutions and countries interested in pursuing such prospecting are discussed. The market for essential oils (particularly for cosmetics), phytopharmaceuticals and herbal preparations, agricultural chemicals, and industrial enzymes is much greater and easier to get into than that for new compounds to be tested for possible pharmaceutical use.
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Foreign investment and competitive development In Latin America and the Caribbean
This article analyses the treatment accorded to foreign investment under the present development strategy. To this end, it looks at the recent dynamics of both direct and indirect foreign investment, including portfolio investment and quasi-equity operations, the latter with reference to contracts for the transfer of production know-how. For this purpose, the main resource flows and their directions are analysed, together with the changes which have taken place in corporate strategies. It is concluded that it is necessary to put together an explicit development strategy in which the main objective of policy on the treatment of foreign investments should be that of enriching the store of technological knowledge of the host economics.
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The Mexican peso crisis
In the author’s view, the Mexican financial crisis which erupted at the end of 1994 was not unique, although it did have some special features. Thus, since it could happen again, it would be desirable to gain an in-depth understanding of it. This article therefore analyses the process and underlying causes of the Mexican peso crisis. For this purpose, the author distinguishes three main periods. The first of these extends from the beginning of 1990 up to March 1994, and an analysis is made of the problems that were hatching and the policy options that were available. With regard to the second period -from March 1994 to 20 December of that year- the available options are likewise examined. In the case of the third period, attention is centered on the devaluation and the resulting crisis, and an appraisal is made of the way they were handled.
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