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- Volume 2006, Issue 88, 2006
CEPAL Review - Volume 2006, Issue 88, 2006
Volume 2006, Issue 88, 2006
Cepal Review is the leading journal for the study of economic and social development issues in Latin America and the Caribbean. Edited by the Economic Commission for Latin America, each issue focuses on economic trends, industrialization, income distribution, technological development and monetary systems, as well as the implementation of reforms and transfer of technology. Written in English and Spanish (Revista De La Cepal), each tri-annual issue brings you approximately 12 studies and essays undertaken by authoritative experts or gathered from conference proceedings.
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Celso Furtado’s contributions to structuralism and their relevance today
Автор: Ricardo BielschowskyThis article examines Celso Furtado’s three main analytical contributions to structuralism: (i) the historical-structural method, which incorporates the histories of Brazil and other Latin American countries in structuralist formulations; (ii) the belief that underdevelopment in the Latin American periphery has tended to persist over long periods owing to the difficulty of overcoming underemployment and to inadequate diversification of production; and (iii) the idea that the pattern of investments in the periphery is predetermined by the composition of demand, which mirrors and tends to preserve income and wealth concentration. Events in Latin America in the past twenty-five years show that Furtado’s analysis has lost none of its relevance.
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Has investor protection been rendered obsolete by the Argentine crisis?
Авторы): Michael Mortimore and Leonardo StanleyUnlike the train of events in previous crises, when the negotiations between the parties–creditors and debtors, investors and host countries– were played out within some kind of institutional framework, the crisis of 2001 portrayed Argentina as a country abandoned to its fate, not just once, but twice. But although investors had initially been able to alter the rules in their favour to secure better protection and enhanced legal certainty, ultimately they came out of the situation worse off. The Argentine experience suggests that, as the influence of the international financial institutions declines, asymmetric solutions cannot last and, at the end of the day, democratic governments will put their electorate before their investors. But is the Argentine case an exception to the rule or does it reflect a more general weakening of foreign investment protection?
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The rights-based approach in development policies and strategies
Автор: Victor AbramovichThe so-called “rights-based approach” as applied in development policies and strategies treats international human rights law as a conceptual framework, accepted by the international community, that is capable of guiding policy formulation, implementation and evaluation in the field of development and, where international cooperation and aid are concerned, of providing guidance in relation to the obligations of donor and recipient governments, the extent of social participation and the oversight and accountability mechanisms required, both locally and internationally. This paper analyses certain points of connection and divergence between the development and human rights outlooks and seeks to establish some relationships between a number of fundamental rights (such as the right to equality, political participation and justice) and the concepts of inclusion, participation and accountability that development strategies often employ.
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Can the Latin American and Caribbean countries emulate the Irish model of FDI attraction?
Авторы): Ruth Rios-Morales and David O’DonovanIn the era of globalization, foreign direct investment (FDI) is an essential factor in the development of the economy. In recent years, creating a better investment climate has therefore been a policy priority for many governments, including the Latin American ones. Only a very small group of Latin American countries have attained relative success in attracting quality FDI, however. Conversely, Ireland has achieved impressive results by creating an attractive environment for FDI. The Latin American countries would do well to emulate the Irish experience, especially as regards the approach to establishing competitive advantages and efficiently promoting the country as a market site for FDI.
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The slow comeback of industrial policies in Latin America and the Caribbean
Автор: Wilson PeresThe core of a policy for accelerating economic growth is a combination of knowledge accumulation and diversification of the productive structure. These two dimensions are the focus of the present article, which examines industrial policy experiences during the import substitution industrialization period; highlights the policies currently being applied in Latin America and the Caribbean and offers a typology of the strategies underlying them; presents the main lines of action and policy instruments; and analyses issues of policy implementation and impact. The thesis is that, while policymaking capabilities have improved, a great deal of work is still needed on implementation and on the development of effective impact evaluation methodologies. Proper evaluation will show whether industrial policies have a role to play in the region.
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A low-growth model: Informality as a structural constraint
Авторы): Mario Cimoli, Annalisa Primi and Maurizio PugnoAfter years of reforms and unending debate, the question remains unanswered: why is Latin America not growing more? The present article approaches the subject from an unconventional perspective, presenting the persistence of informality as a structural barrier to growth. As an analytical frame of reference, it introduces a 2 x 2 model of growth in which the economy comprises just two sectors, the formal and the informal. The model presents the links between the growth pattern of the formal sector and the dynamics of the informal sector, and between these and the pattern of growth in the overall economy. Adverse specialization patterns and an unfavourable international trade profile are perpetuating informality. Thus, export-led growth most resembles an enclave model which does not even guarantee high growth, since the dynamic of the informal sector, which accounts for about half the urban workforce, adversely affects the performance of the whole economy.
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The Argentine labour market in a financially globalized world
Авторы): Mario Damill and Roberto FrenkelArgentina’s experience in recent decades as regards employment generation and wages has been very disappointing, and has had clear consequences for income distribution and other social indicators. This study examines the evolution of the labour market, with special emphasis on the 1990s, and also addresses the notable changes that have been taking place in recent years after the crisis of the convertibility regime. In general terms, it finds that the evolution observed in the labour market and income distribution is very closely linked with macroeconomic performance, both in previous phases and in the recent recovery stage. It examines in particular the negative effects of the experiences of trade openness and exchange rate appreciation in the late 1970s and the 1990s, which are in stark contrast with the present situation, especially in terms of employment generation.
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Social precarity in Mexico and Argentina: Trends, manifestations and national trajectories
Автор: María Cristina BayónFrom a multidimensional and dynamic approach, this article focuses on the linkages between labour, unemployment, poverty and inequality, examining the forms which social precarity has adopted in Mexico and Argentina in the new economic environment. It contends that the weakening of employment-based integration mechanisms, marked inequalities in access to opportunities and increasingly rigid social structures are evidence of strong exclusionary trends, which exhibit specific characteristics in each country. After analysing national trajectories and the levels of integration achieved under the importsubstitution industrialization model, the article examines the deterioration of working and living conditions witnessed over the last few decades. It concludes with a discussion of some of the dilemmas and challenges which the transition towards more equitable, socially supportive and inclusive societies poses in terms of research and public policy.
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The Fiscal Covenant in Guatemala: Lessons learned from the negotiations
Авторы): Juan Alberto Fuentes Knight and Maynor CabreraGuatemala’s recent experience in negotiating a fiscal covenant, together with other efforts –some more successful than others– to achieve social covenants on fiscal policy, may serve as a lesson or suggest key elements for a fiscal covenant. This article analyses the Guatemalan experience in the light of the main determining factors of a number of successful or failed fiscal covenants in countries as diverse as Chile, Indonesia, Poland, the Russian Federation, Sweden, the United Kingdom and the United States. In conclusion, the authors identify 10 key components of a successful fiscal covenant, based on Guatemala’s experience and that of the other countries mentioned above.
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Changes in Chile’s production structure, 1986-1996: Output and industrial interdependence
Автор: José Miguel Albala-BertrandIn earlier studies, the author showed that the type of development adopted by Chile differed significantly from that of the successful East Asian countries. Up to 1986, the Chilean economy had a relatively weak and technologically unsophisticated manufacturing base, and the penetration of imported inputs was mainly at the expense of the scanty domestic productive intermediation. Therefore, neither manufacturing industrialization nor industrial interdependence appeared to facilitate the type of manufactured exports that might sustain dynamic industrial development based on external markets. The present paper analyses changes in Chile’s production structure from 1986 to 1996, generally extended to 2000, using methods similar to those of earlier studies. The conclusion is that, despite the outstanding growth rates over the period, the economy still appears relatively weak as a basis for a sustainable increase in economic and technological sophistication.
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